在使用KVM或Xen虚拟化的情况下,经常需要使用镜像文件(image file),我们可以将Guest系统启动起来,然后对镜像文件进行修改,不过这样有时也是比较麻烦,其实也是可以将镜像文件直接进行mount的,可以用如下两种办法。
(本文写的RAW格式镜像文件的挂载;我的另一篇文章写了“如何挂载qcow2格式的镜像文件”)
方法一:找出分区开始的开始位置,使用mount命令的offset参数偏移掉前面不需要的,即可得到真正的分区。其具体步骤如下:
1. 用“fdisk -lu my.img”查询image信息;
2. 计算image内分区开始的地方(计算offset),用从N号sector(扇区)开始,则offset=N*M (M为一个sector的大小,一般为512)
3. 使用mount命令挂载为loop设备即可。 (如LVM分区,则会较复杂,请见本文最后的介绍)
在Linux系统上具体操作演示如下:
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[root@jay-linux image]# fdisk -lu rhel6u2.img You must set cylinders. You can do this from the extra functions menu. Disk rhel6u2.img: 0 MB, 0 bytes 255 heads, 63 sectors/track, 0 cylinders, total 0 sectors Units = sectors of 1 * 512 = 512 bytes Sector size (logical/physical): 512 bytes / 512 bytes I/O size (minimum/optimal): 512 bytes / 512 bytes Disk identifier: 0x00048b34 Device Boot Start End Blocks Id System rhel6u2.img1 * 2048 1026047 512000 83 Linux Partition 1 does not end on cylinder boundary. rhel6u2.img2 1026048 104857599 51915776 8e Linux LVM Partition 2 has different physical/logical endings: phys=(1023, 254, 63) logical=(6527, 21, 22) [root@jay-linux image]# echo $((2048*512)) 1048576 [root@jay-linux image]# mount -o loop,offset=1048576 rhel6u2.img /media/ [root@jay-linux image]# cd /media/ [root@jay-linux media]# ls config-2.6.32-220.el6.x86_64 initramfs-3.5.0.img System.map-2.6.32-279.el6.x86_64 config-2.6.32-279.el6.x86_64 lost+found System.map-3.5.0 efi symvers-2.6.32-220.el6.x86_64.gz vmlinuz grub symvers-2.6.32-279.el6.x86_64.gz vmlinuz-2.6.32-220.el6.x86_64 initramfs-2.6.32-220.el6.x86_64.img System.map vmlinuz-2.6.32-279.el6.x86_64 initramfs-2.6.32-279.el6.x86_64.img System.map-2.6.32-220.el6.x86_64 vmlinuz-3.5.0 [root@jay-linux media]# echo $((1026048*512)) 525336576 [root@jay-linux media]# umount /media [root@jay-linux media]# cd /home/image/ [root@jay-linux image]# umount /media [root@jay-linux image]# mount -o loop,offset=525336576 rhel6u2.img /media/ mount: unknown filesystem type 'LVM2_member' (镜像文件中的LVM分区mount的问题,本文最后单独说明) [root@jay-linux image]# fdisk -lu sles11sp2-i386.img You must set cylinders. You can do this from the extra functions menu. Disk sles11sp2-i386.img: 0 MB, 0 bytes 255 heads, 63 sectors/track, 0 cylinders, total 0 sectors Units = sectors of 1 * 512 = 512 bytes Sector size (logical/physical): 512 bytes / 512 bytes I/O size (minimum/optimal): 512 bytes / 512 bytes Disk identifier: 0x0002d3be Device Boot Start End Blocks Id System sles11sp2-i386.img1 2048 4208639 2103296 82 Linux swap / Solaris Partition 1 does not end on cylinder boundary. sles11sp2-i386.img2 * 4208640 41943039 18867200 83 Linux Partition 2 has different physical/logical endings: phys=(1023, 254, 63) logical=(2610, 212, 34) [root@jay-linux image]# echo $((4208640*512)) 2154823680 [root@jay-linux image]# mount -o loop,offset=2154823680 sles11sp2-i386.img /media [root@jay-linux image]# cd /media/ [root@jay-linux media]# ls bin dev home lost+found mnt proc sbin srv sys usr boot etc lib media opt root selinux success tmp var [root@jay-linux image]# umount /media/ |
方法二:用kpartx建立分区映射后,再mount映射后的设备即可,操作实例如下:
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[root@jay-linux image]# kpartx -av sles11sp2-i386.img add map loop3p1 (253:2): 0 4206592 linear /dev/loop3 2048 add map loop3p2 (253:3): 0 37734400 linear /dev/loop3 4208640 [root@jay-linux image]# mount /dev/mapper/loop3p2 /media/ [root@jay-linux image]# ls /media/ bin dev home lost+found mnt proc sbin srv sys usr boot etc lib media opt root selinux success tmp var [root@jay-linux image]# umount /media/ [root@jay-linux image]# mount /dev/mapper/loop3p1 /media/ /dev/mapper/loop3p1 looks like swapspace - not mounted mount: you must specify the filesystem type (其中的交换分区,我也还不知道是否可以mount;其实mount交换分区也没意义) (使用完成后,卸载挂载点、删除映射关系即可) [root@jay-linux image]# umount /media/ [root@jay-linux image]# kpartx -d sles11sp2-i386.img loop deleted : /dev/loop3 |
关于LVM的mount,可以参考文末参考资料中的vpsee的文章(我也是试多次没做成功,才偶然看到这篇文章的),我对镜像文件中LVM分区的mount操作如下供参考。
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[root@jay-linux image]# fdisk -lu rhel6u2.img You must set cylinders. You can do this from the extra functions menu. Disk rhel6u2.img: 0 MB, 0 bytes 255 heads, 63 sectors/track, 0 cylinders, total 0 sectors Units = sectors of 1 * 512 = 512 bytes Sector size (logical/physical): 512 bytes / 512 bytes I/O size (minimum/optimal): 512 bytes / 512 bytes Disk identifier: 0x00048b34 Device Boot Start End Blocks Id System rhel6u2.img1 * 2048 1026047 512000 83 Linux Partition 1 does not end on cylinder boundary. rhel6u2.img2 1026048 104857599 51915776 8e Linux LVM Partition 2 has different physical/logical endings: phys=(1023, 254, 63) logical=(6527, 21, 22) [root@jay-linux image]# echo $((1026048*512)) 525336576 [root@jay-linux image]# losetup /dev/loop0 rhel6u2.img -o 525336576 [root@jay-linux image]# pvscan PV /dev/loop0 VG VolGroup lvm2 [49.51 GiB / 0 free] Total: 1 [49.51 GiB] / in use: 1 [49.51 GiB] / in no VG: 0 [0 ] [root@jay-linux image]# vgchange -ay VolGroup 2 logical volume(s) in volume group "VolGroup" now active [root@jay-linux image]# lvs LV VG Attr LSize Pool Origin Data% Move Log Copy% Convert lv_root VolGroup -wi-a--- 45.57g lv_swap VolGroup -wi-a--- 3.94g [root@jay-linux image]# mount /dev/VolGroup/lv_root /media/ [root@jay-linux image]# ls /media/ bin cgroup etc lib lost+found misc net proc sbin srv tmp var boot dev home lib64 media mnt opt root selinux sys usr (使用完后的卸载操作,如下) [root@jay-linux image]# umount /media/ [root@jay-linux image]# vgchange -an VolGroup 0 logical volume(s) in volume group "VolGroup" now active [root@jay-linux image]# losetup -d /dev/loop0 |
mount LVM 分区的 参考资料:
http://www.vpsee.com/2010/10/mount-lvm-volumes-from-loopback-disk-images/