文章目录
观察者模式（Observer Design Pattern）
在对象之间定义一个一对多的依赖，当一个对象状态改变的时候，所有依赖的对象都会自动收到通知。
一般情况下，被依赖的对象叫作被观察者（Observable），依赖的对象叫作观察者（Observer）。不过，在实际的项目开发中，这两种对象的称呼是比较灵活的，有各种不同的叫法，比如：Subject-Observer、Publisher-Subscriber、Producer-Consumer、EventEmitter-EventListener、Dispatcher-Listener。不管怎么称呼，只要应用场景符合刚刚给出的定义，都可以看作观察者模式。
该模式有很多实现的方式。比如：有同步阻塞的实现方式，也有异步非阻塞的实现方式；有进程内的实现方式，也有跨进程的实现方式。
同步阻塞的实现：
public interface Subject {
void registerObserver(Observer observer);
void removeObserver(Observer observer);
void notifyObservers(Message message);
}
public interface Observer {
void update(Message message);
}
public class ConcreteSubject implements Subject {
private List observers = new ArrayList();
@Override
public void registerObserver(Observer observer) {
observers.add(observer);
}
@Override
public void removeObserver(Observer observer) {
observers.remove(observer);
}
@Override
public void notifyObservers(Message message) {
for (Observer observer : observers) {
observer.update(message);
}
}
}
public class ConcreteObserverOne implements Observer {
@Override
public void update(Message message) {
//TODO: 获取消息通知，执行自己的逻辑...
System.out.println("ConcreteObserverOne is notified.");
}
}
public class ConcreteObserverTwo implements Observer {
@Override
public void update(Message message) {
//TODO: 获取消息通知，执行自己的逻辑...
System.out.println("ConcreteObserverTwo is notified.");
}
}
public class Demo {
public static void main(String[] args) {
ConcreteSubject subject = new ConcreteSubject();
subject.registerObserver(new ConcreteObserverOne());
subject.registerObserver(new ConcreteObserverTwo());
subject.notifyObservers(new Message());
}
}
实际上，设计模式要干的事情就是解耦。创建型模式是将创建和使用代码解耦，结构型模式是将不同功能代码解耦，行为型模式是将不同的行为代码解耦，具体到观察者模式，它是将观察者和被观察者代码解耦。借助设计模式，我们利用更好的代码结构，将一大坨代码拆分成职责更单一的小类，让其满足开闭原则、高内聚松耦合等特性，以此来控制和应对代码的复杂性，提高代码的可扩展性。
场景：一个P2P投资理财系统，用户注册成功之后，我们会给用户发放投资体验金。
public interface RegObserver {
void handleRegSuccess(long userId);
}
public class RegPromotionObserver implements RegObserver {
private PromotionService promotionService; // 依赖注入
@Override
public void handleRegSuccess(long userId) {
promotionService.issueNewUserExperienceCash(userId);
}
}
public class RegNotificationObserver implements RegObserver {
private NotificationService notificationService;
@Override
public void handleRegSuccess(long userId) {
notificationService.sendInboxMessage(userId, "Welcome...");
}
}
public class UserController {
private UserService userService; // 依赖注入
private List regObservers = new ArrayList<>();
// 一次性设置好，之后也不可能动态的修改
public void setRegObservers(List observers) {
regObservers.addAll(observers);
}
public Long register(String telephone, String password) {
//省略输入参数的校验代码
//省略userService.register()异常的try-catch代码
long userId = userService.register(telephone, password);
for (RegObserver observer : regObservers) {
observer.handleRegSuccess(userId);
}
return userId;
}
}
如何实现一个异步非阻塞的EventBus框架？
异步非阻塞实现：
// 第一种实现方式，其他类代码不变，就没有再重复罗列
public class RegPromotionObserver implements RegObserver {
private PromotionService promotionService; // 依赖注入
@Override
public void handleRegSuccess(Long userId) {
Thread thread = new Thread(new Runnable() {
@Override
public void run() {
promotionService.issueNewUserExperienceCash(userId);
}
});
thread.start();
}
}
// 第二种实现方式，其他类代码不变，就没有再重复罗列
public class UserController {
private UserService userService; // 依赖注入
private List regObservers = new ArrayList<>();
private Executor executor;
public UserController(Executor executor) {
this.executor = executor;
}
public void setRegObservers(List observers) {
regObservers.addAll(observers);
}
public Long register(String telephone, String password) {
//省略输入参数的校验代码
//省略userService.register()异常的try-catch代码
long userId = userService.register(telephone, password);
for (RegObserver observer : regObservers) {
executor.execute(new Runnable() {
@Override
public void run() {
observer.handleRegSuccess(userId);
}
});
}
return userId;
}
}
EventBus框架功能需求介绍
EventBus 翻译为“事件总线”，它提供了实现观察者模式的骨架代码。我们可以基于此框架，非常容易地在自己的业务场景中实现观察者模式，不需要从零开始开发。其中，Google Guava EventBus就是一个比较著名的EventBus框架，它不仅仅支持异步非阻塞模式，同时也支持同步阻塞模式
现在，我们就通过例子来看一下，Guava EventBus具有哪些功能。还是那个用户注册的例子，我们用Guava EventBus重新实现一下，代码如下所示：
public class UserController {
private UserService userService; // 依赖注入
private EventBus eventBus;
private static final int DEFAULT_EVENTBUS_THREAD_POOL_SIZE = 20;
public UserController() {
//eventBus = new EventBus(); // 同步阻塞模式
eventBus = new AsyncEventBus(Executors.newFixedThreadPool(DEFAULT_EVENTBUS_THREAD_POOL_SIZE)); // 异步非阻塞模式
}
public void setRegObservers(List observers) {
for (Object observer : observers) {
eventBus.register(observer);
}
}
public Long register(String telephone, String password) {
//省略输入参数的校验代码
//省略userService.register()异常的try-catch代码
long userId = userService.register(telephone, password);
eventBus.post(userId);
return userId;
}
}
public class RegPromotionObserver {
private PromotionService promotionService; // 依赖注入
@Subscribe
public void handleRegSuccess(Long userId) {
promotionService.issueNewUserExperienceCash(userId);
}
}
public class RegNotificationObserver {
private NotificationService notificationService;
@Subscribe
public void handleRegSuccess(Long userId) {
notificationService.sendInboxMessage(userId, "...");
}
}
手把手实现一个EventBus框架
1.Subscribe
Subscribe是一个注解，用于标明观察者中的哪个函数可以接收消息。
@Retention(RetentionPolicy.RUNTIME)
@Target(ElementType.METHOD)
@Beta
public @interface Subscribe {
}
2.ObserverAction
ObserverAction类用来表示@Subscribe注解的方法，其中，target表示观察者类，method表示方法。它主要用在ObserverRegistry观察者注册表中。
public class ObserverAction {
private Object target;
private Method method;
public ObserverAction(Object target, Method method) {
this.target = Preconditions.checkNotNull(target);
this.method = method;
this.method.setAccessible(true);
}
public void execute(Object event) {
// event是method方法的参数
try {
method.invoke(target, event);
} catch (InvocationTargetException | IllegalAccessException e) {
e.printStackTrace();
}
}
}
3.ObserverRegistry
ObserverRegistry类就是前面讲到的Observer注册表，是最复杂的一个类，框架中几乎所有的核心逻辑都在这个类中。
public class ObserverRegistry {
private ConcurrentMap<Class<?>, CopyOnWriteArraySet<ObserverAction>> registry = new ConcurrentHashMap<>();
public void register(Object observer) {
Map<Class<?>, Collection<ObserverAction>> observerActions = findAllObserverActions(observer);
for (Map.Entry<Class<?>, Collection<ObserverAction>> entry : observerActions.entrySet()) {
Class<?> eventType = entry.getKey();
Collection<ObserverAction> eventActions = entry.getValue();
CopyOnWriteArraySet<ObserverAction> registeredEventActions = registry.get(eventType);
if (registeredEventActions == null) {
registry.putIfAbsent(eventType, new CopyOnWriteArraySet<>());
registeredEventActions = registry.get(eventType);
}
registeredEventActions.addAll(eventActions);
}
}
public List<ObserverAction> getMatchedObserverActions(Object event) {
List<ObserverAction> matchedObservers = new ArrayList<>();
Class<?> postedEventType = event.getClass();
for (Map.Entry<Class<?>, CopyOnWriteArraySet<ObserverAction>> entry : registry.entrySet()) {
Class<?> eventType = entry.getKey();
Collection<ObserverAction> eventActions = entry.getValue();
if (postedEventType.isAssignableFrom(eventType)) {
matchedObservers.addAll(eventActions);
}
}
return matchedObservers;
}
private Map<Class<?>, Collection<ObserverAction>> findAllObserverActions(Object observer) {
Map<Class<?>, Collection<ObserverAction>> observerActions = new HashMap<>();
Class<?> clazz = observer.getClass();
for (Method method : getAnnotatedMethods(clazz)) {
Class<?>[] parameterTypes = method.getParameterTypes();
Class<?> eventType = parameterTypes[0];
if (!observerActions.containsKey(eventType)) {
observerActions.put(eventType, new ArrayList<>());
}
observerActions.get(eventType).add(new ObserverAction(observer, method));
}
return observerActions;
}
private List<Method> getAnnotatedMethods(Class<?> clazz) {
List<Method> annotatedMethods = new ArrayList<>();
for (Method method : clazz.getDeclaredMethods()) {
if (method.isAnnotationPresent(Subscribe.class)) {
Class<?>[] parameterTypes = method.getParameterTypes();
Preconditions.checkArgument(parameterTypes.length == 1,
"Method %s has @Subscribe annotation but has %s parameters."
+ "Subscriber methods must have exactly 1 parameter.",
method, parameterTypes.length);
annotatedMethods.add(method);
}
}
return annotatedMethods;
}
}
4.EventBus
EventBus实现的是阻塞同步的观察者模式。看代码你可能会有些疑问，这明明就用到了线程池Executor啊。实际上，MoreExecutors.directExecutor()是Google Guava提供的工具类，看似是多线程，实际上是单线程。之所以要这么实现，主要还是为了跟AsyncEventBus统一代码逻辑，做到代码复用。
public class EventBus {
private Executor executor;
private ObserverRegistry registry = new ObserverRegistry();
public EventBus() {
this(MoreExecutors.directExecutor());
}
protected EventBus(Executor executor) {
this.executor = executor;
}
public void register(Object object) {
registry.register(object);
}
public void post(Object event) {
List observerActions = registry.getMatchedObserverActions(event);
for (ObserverAction observerAction : observerActions) {
executor.execute(new Runnable() {
@Override
public void run() {
observerAction.execute(event);
}
});
}
}
}
5.AsyncEventBus
有了EventBus，AsyncEventBus的实现就非常简单了。为了实现异步非阻塞的观察者模式，它就不能再继续使用MoreExecutors.directExecutor()了，而是需要在构造函数中，由调用者注入线程池。
public class AsyncEventBus extends EventBus {
public AsyncEventBus(Executor executor) {
super(executor);
}
}